{"id":46119,"date":"2021-02-17T15:42:00","date_gmt":"2021-02-17T15:42:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/modernartoxford.org.uk\/cms\/?p=46119"},"modified":"2022-01-27T10:10:12","modified_gmt":"2022-01-27T10:10:12","slug":"between-naming-and-knowing-someone-language-gender-and-colonial-history-by-levi-c-r-hord","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.modernartoxford.org.uk\/cms\/between-naming-and-knowing-someone-language-gender-and-colonial-history-by-levi-c-r-hord\/","title":{"rendered":"Between Naming and Knowing Someone: Language, Gender, and Colonial History, by Levi C. R. Hord"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Levi C. R. Hord specialises in&nbsp;transgender studies and queer theory. In this article, they respond to our current exhibition with Mariana Castillo Deball, looking particularly at the history and representation of We&#8217;wha (1849 \u2013 1896), a Zuni weaver and potter featured in the show. Through We&#8217;wha&#8217;s story Hord speaks about gender, language and colonial history more broadly.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>In keeping with the theme of <a href=\"https:\/\/lgbtplushistorymonth.co.uk\/\">LGBTQ+ History Month 2021<\/a>, &#8216;Body, Mind, Spirit&#8217;, they encourage us to challenge and break free from the limited frameworks and language that we know, and to think about the inadequacy of contemporary Western ways of naming and understanding.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Words by Levi C. R. Hord<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Mariana Castillo Deball\u2019s exhibition <em>Between making and knowing something <\/em>asks us to think about the historical omissions that result from attempts to preserve anthropological \u201cknowledge\u201d about indigenous cultures. One of these erasures is embodied in We\u2019wha (1849 \u2013 1896), a gifted Zuni potter, weaver, and cultural mediator. We\u2019wha\u2019s admirable artistic skill had once been lost to questionable curatorial practice. But We\u2019wha\u2019s presence in this exhibition gives us the opportunity to think through another crucial gap in her legacy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image wp-image-43763 size-full\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"597\" height=\"800\" data-src=\"https:\/\/modernartoxford.org.uk\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Wewha_1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-47834 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.modernartoxford.org.uk\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Wewha_1.jpg 597w, https:\/\/www.modernartoxford.org.uk\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Wewha_1-224x300.jpg 224w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 597px) 100vw, 597px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 597px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 597\/800;\" \/><figcaption><em>Portrait of We&#8217;wha by John Hillers, 1894. (BAE GN 02235A 06370600, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>We\u2019wha was neither a man nor a woman but a lhamana: someone from the Zuni Pueblos, in what is colonially known as New Mexico, who took on several social and ceremonial women\u2019s roles, bridged and balanced differences between men and women, demonstrated considerable strength, wore a mixture of gendered clothing, and who was assigned male at birth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I pick and choose these attributes from We\u2019wha\u2019s gendered history carefully: they come to me in the form of \u201cknowledge\u201d translated through time from early anthropologists. In the 150 years since We\u2019wha\u2019s life, the concept of lhamana has been altered through several lenses. We\u2019wha has been referred to as a \u201cberdache\u201d (an offensive, imposed French term implying passive homosexuality), or as \u201cgay\u201d or \u201ctrans\u201d (assuming a colonial affinity with European notions of gender and sexuality). We\u2019wha has also been retrospectively reclaimed as \u201ctwo-spirit,\u201d a modern umbrella term that distinguishes specifically Native gender variance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gendered language has also accumulated unevenly around We\u2019wha. Fellow Zunis are believed to have referred to her using feminine pronouns. The anthropologist Matilda Coxe Stevenson used both \u201che\/him\u201d and \u201cshe\/her\u201d in writings about We\u2019wha. Some twentieth century sources exclusively used \u201che\/him\u201d. Contemporary practice is to use \u201cshe\/her,\u201d recognizing We\u2019wha\u2019s ostensibly feminine social roles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone size-large wp-image-43060 size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"724\" data-src=\"https:\/\/modernartoxford.org.uk\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/wewha-making-1024x724.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-47829 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.modernartoxford.org.uk\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/wewha-making-1024x724.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.modernartoxford.org.uk\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/wewha-making-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.modernartoxford.org.uk\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/wewha-making-768x543.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.modernartoxford.org.uk\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/wewha-making-1536x1086.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.modernartoxford.org.uk\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/wewha-making-2048x1448.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.modernartoxford.org.uk\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/wewha-making-1301x920.jpg 1301w, https:\/\/www.modernartoxford.org.uk\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/wewha-making-1568x1109.jpg 1568w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/724;\" \/><figcaption><em>We&#8217;wha spinning sheep wool into thread. (BAE GN SI 3643, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution) and Portrait of We&#8217;Wha Holding Clay Ceremonial Prayer-Meal Basket, 1900 (Photo Lot 24 SPC Sw Zuni NM No # People 02440800, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>But at the end of the day, we do not know what language We\u2019wha would have used to communicate her experience of gender. We\u2019wha would never have used English gendered pronouns for herself, besides perhaps in her role as a cultural delegate. Her starting point for speaking about gender might not have included a binary at all. While we may choose the most respectful ways of referring to We\u2019wha as a way of honoring her in our contexts, they will never be her contexts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We\u2019wha\u2019s gender, and the tension around its irrepresentability in Western anthropological frameworks, underscores the power of this exhibition\u2019s message. It emphasizes the question whether it is possible to <em>know something deeply<\/em> through the objects, stories, and terms that have been designed to display that <em>something<\/em> to an audience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone size-large wp-image-43063 size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"724\" data-src=\"https:\/\/modernartoxford.org.uk\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/wewhas-pots-1024x724.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-47832 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.modernartoxford.org.uk\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/wewhas-pots-1024x724.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.modernartoxford.org.uk\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/wewhas-pots-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.modernartoxford.org.uk\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/wewhas-pots-768x543.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.modernartoxford.org.uk\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/wewhas-pots-1536x1086.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.modernartoxford.org.uk\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/wewhas-pots-2048x1448.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.modernartoxford.org.uk\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/wewhas-pots-1301x920.jpg 1301w, https:\/\/www.modernartoxford.org.uk\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/wewhas-pots-1568x1109.jpg 1568w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/724;\" \/><figcaption><em>Earthen Pitcher and Earthen Bowl. Both collected by Matilda Coxe Stevenson in the late 19th century. Attributed to We&#8217;wha in 2007. The signature on the handle of the pitcher is probably by We&#8217;wha. (NMNH &#8211; Anthropology Dept. Accession numbers: 021664 and 021664)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>We\u2019wha\u2019s ceramics themselves \u2013 those which ended up in celebrated museum collections \u2013 were produced as part of a colonial exercise in knowledge consumption. Crafted in Washington D.C., their function was not practical, but representational. They were symbols meant to stand in for an entire, vibrant sociality: an inherently reductive expectation. These symbols of Zuni artistry were produced, categorized, and labelled in such a way as to make them comfortably recognizable to a non-Zuni viewer. They were never witnessed in their context, fulfilling their role, being shaped by human use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Has the same been done to We\u2019wha\u2019s gender? What is the effect of our preoccupation with properly categorizing We\u2019wha, delineating whether We\u2019wha was cisgender or transgender, using the \u201ccorrect\u201d pronoun?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the principles of early anthropology was the idea that culture (particularly the cultures of the non-European \u201cother\u201d) could be studied according to the same scientific principles as nature \u2013 that is, objectively sorted into taxonomies. Taxonomy is the practice of categorising or grouping things or concepts into defined and discrete sets, e.g. \u2018mammals\u2019 or \u2018reptiles\u2019. When this impulse to taxonomize collides with gender variance, the result has been the brutal pathologisation of difference. In other words, difference has been viewed as something to be afraid of. Historically, the \u201cempirical\u201d description of indigenous gender has been part of a broader colonial violence of classification enacted on indigenous people. Taxonomy is one of the technologies through which We\u2019wha\u2019s gender is rendered unknowable to us in twenty-first century Oxford.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone size-full wp-image-43765\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"595\" height=\"800\" data-src=\"https:\/\/modernartoxford.org.uk\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Wewha_2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-47833 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.modernartoxford.org.uk\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Wewha_2.jpg 595w, https:\/\/www.modernartoxford.org.uk\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Wewha_2-223x300.jpg 223w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 595px) 100vw, 595px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 595px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 595\/800;\" \/><figcaption><em>Portrait of We&#8217;wha by John Hillers, 1894. (BAE GN 02235A 06370600, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>In asking ourselves how we should bring these histories out of obscurity, it is worth actively querying what we are doing when attempting to translate We\u2019wha\u2019s experience for broader recognition. Representation is important, as is referring to We\u2019wha respectfully, avoiding anachronistic colonial terms. It is even more important considering that most forms of gender variance and trans experience are far from celebrated in the UK. But the impulse to classify culturally distinct modes of gender back into contemporary comfort levels is not benign.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Perhaps even more important than getting We\u2019wha\u2019s gender \u201cright\u201d is the practice of staying with the discomfort that we might experience encountering traces of We\u2019wha in the archive that are meant to stand in for a lost whole. The moments where we stumble, puzzle over language, struggle to know how we should articulate We\u2019wha to others, are unavoidable. They are also valuable. They are part of a legacy of irredeemable grief and loss, and they should be experienced as such alongside our attempts to add more terminology and more lines of categorical division to We\u2019wha\u2019s story.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The late trans activist Leslie Feinberg once said \u201cI care which pronoun is used, but people have been respectful to me with the wrong pronoun and disrespectful with the right one. It matters whether someone is using the pronoun as a bigot, or if they are trying to demonstrate respect.\u201d Within the context of history, the most important form of respect that we can show We\u2019wha is an openness to being unsettled by the inadequacy of contemporary Western ways of naming and understanding. In other words, there is a broad gap between naming and knowing someone. This exhibition invites us to step into it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>About the author: Levi C. R. Hord specialises in&nbsp;transgender studies and queer theory, particularly in regard to contemporary identity formation and community building.&nbsp;Through their research they hope to make important theoretical interventions into social understandings of gender in order that subjugated and marginalised lives become more livable and political interventions more effective.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Visit Mariana Castillo Deball&#8217;s exhibition&nbsp;<em>Between making and knowing something<\/em> online, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.modernartoxford.org.uk\/event\/making-and-knowing-something\/\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Levi C. R. Hord specialises in&nbsp;transgender studies and queer theory. In this article, they respond to our current exhibition with Mariana Castillo Deball, looking particularly at the history and representation of We&#8217;wha (1849 \u2013 1896), a Zuni weaver and potter featured in the show. Through We&#8217;wha&#8217;s story Hord speaks about gender, language and colonial history&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.modernartoxford.org.uk\/cms\/between-naming-and-knowing-someone-language-gender-and-colonial-history-by-levi-c-r-hord\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Between Naming and Knowing Someone: Language, Gender, and Colonial History, by Levi C. R. Hord<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":46120,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[140,144],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-46119","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-exhibitions","category-mariana-castillo-deball","entry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Between Naming and Knowing Someone: Language, Gender, and Colonial History, by Levi C. R. Hord - Modern Art Oxford<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Between Naming and Knowing Someone: Language, Gender, and Colonial History, by Levi C. R. Hord - Modern Art Oxford\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Levi C. R. Hord specialises in&nbsp;transgender studies and queer theory. In this article, they respond to our current exhibition with Mariana Castillo Deball, looking particularly at the history and representation of We&#8217;wha (1849 \u2013 1896), a Zuni weaver and potter featured in the show. Through We&#8217;wha&#8217;s story Hord speaks about gender, language and colonial history&hellip; Continue reading Between Naming and Knowing Someone: Language, Gender, and Colonial History, by Levi C. R. 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